Herbal medicine practice is still trending in a world where Western medicine has become the dominant form of healthcare. In Nigeria particularly, herbal medicine remains a beacon of hope for many who cannot afford conventional medicine. For centuries, herbal medicine has been an integral part of Nigerian culture, passed down through generations and trusted by millions. What then are the reasons behind the enduring popularity of herbal medicine in Nigeria?
Herbal medicine has been an ancient practice in northern Nigeria which is home to over 500 species of plants with medicinal properties, many of which have been used for centuries in traditional remedies. The region’s unique geography and climate have created a diverse array of flora, from the iconic baobab tree to the humble bitter leaf.
Local herbalists who are also local barbers known as “wanzami” in Hausa have developed a sophisticated understanding of these plants’ properties and uses, often passing down their knowledge from one generation to another.
A local herbalist born into a family of herbalists and passed through generations, Balarabe Kawu Wanzami, is a son of the famous Kawu Wanzami, now late but famous around the locality for herbal medicine. He said: “My name is Balarabe Kawu Wanzami Gyadi-Gyadi. I’m a herbal medicine practitioner. This is a family business; it’s a business I grew up and found myself in. All of us here are related; some of them are my brothers and some are my cousins.”
Balarabe and his siblings are practising their trade just opposite the gate of Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital where women and children are their major clientele.
The families of these herbalists have made fortunes from the trade.
One of them is said to be the owner of property scattered across Gyadi-Gyadi and the neighbouring areas.
The efficacy of traditional herbal remedies is debatable but studies have revealed a wealth of bioactive compounds in herbs with potential applications in modern medicine. For example, research on the popular “ewe” leaf (Vernonia amygdalina) has shown its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, making it a promising candidate for treating chronic diseases like diabetes and hypertension.
The herbalist, Balarabe Kawu, explained how they source their medicine.
“We get our medicines from the forest. We have people that get it for us depending on the kind of medicine we want. Some of the medicines are not available here; they have to go really far away to get them. As a wanzami (herbal doctor), I wasn’t specifically trained to treat a particular illness; I rather provide care for a wide range of conditions. If someone comes to us with an illness for which we don’t have medicine, we will give the person time to come and get it. Because I’m a wanzami by blood, I’m able to do much.”
Malam Tukur Darmanawa is also a successful herbal medicine practitioner spanning several decades.
His children are supportive of the business by hawking the medicine on bicycles just as their father does.
His herbs treat illnesses like pile (Basir in Hausa), fever (shawara) and aphrodisiacs, he said.
“My medicine has gone beyond this country. Somebody from abroad called to thank me after using my herbs. From this business I take care of myself and my family and even own some valuables,” Tukur told this reporter.
Malam Tukur started out as a block maker but left the business for the herbal medicine practice his family is known for. It is very likely that his children will continue with the business even after Malam Tukur who is now approaching his 80th birthday.
Malam Tukur has received several awards from various organisations who found that his traditional herbal medicines were safe.
Why people still patronise local herbal medicine
Many Nigerians prefer herbal medicine because it is seen as a natural, safer and cheaper alternative to western medicine. “I don’t like taking chemicals. Herbal medicine is made from plants and trees, so I know it’s safe for my body,” says a mother, Fatima Salisu.
This preference for natural remedies is also more effective to some people. Fatima Salisu said: “It’s always a positive result when I use herbs. I actually go to the hospital but sometimes herbal medicines are also required. I am coming from the hospital now as we speak. When you keep trying the prescriptions from the doctors and they don’t work, the alternative is always herbal medicine. It’s very effective, especially for coughing. My four-year-old daughter was always coughing and I tried all kinds of medicine to no avail. As soon as I tried the herbal medicines, they worked for her. I’ve been using them till now.”
Recognising the value of traditional knowledge, healthcare professionals are now collaborating with local herbalists to develop new products and treatments. In Kano State, the Nigerian government has established a herbal medicine research centre where scientists work alongside traditional practitioners to standardise and test herbal remedies.
Doctor Khalifa Usman Abdullahi is a medical doctor from the Alliance for International Medical Actions (ALIMA), and he shared his views on herbal medicines thus:
“While it’s true that some diseases may not have effective treatments within conventional medicine, it’s important for patients to understand that “natural” herbs do not always mean “safe.” Therefore, combining traditional herbal knowledge with modern medical guidance can be the safest approach.
“While herbal medicines can offer benefits, they should be used carefully and under the guidance of a healthcare professional to avoid potential risks. Integrative approaches that combine the best of conventional and herbal medicine, based on sound scientific evidence, are often most effective and safe for patients,” he said.
Dr Khalifa also explained the effectiveness of herbal medicines.
“The effectiveness of herbal medicines can vary. Some herbs have been scientifically validated for certain uses, while others lack rigorous clinical evidence. For example, use of acupuncture in pain management and garlic is used for cardiovascular health, both of which have some supportive research. However, many herbal remedies are based more on tradition than on robust scientific evidence.”
And lastly, he gave his advice on the consumption of herbal medicines.
“I generally advise patients to approach herbal medicines with caution. It’s crucial to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any herbal treatment. Some herbs can interact with prescription medications or have side effects. For instance, certain herbs can affect liver function or interfere with blood clotting,” he said.
Challenges and opportunities
Despite its potential, herbal medicine in northern Nigeria faces challenges, including lack of regulation, quality control, and standardisation. However, these challenges also present opportunities for innovation and growth. By harnessing the region’s botanical wealth and traditional expertise, Nigeria can develop a unique and sustainable healthcare industry, creating jobs and improving lives.
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